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Python Documention

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Python Documentation contents

What’s New in Python 3.0

The Python tutorial
- Whetting Your Appetite
- Using the Python Interpreter
  - Invoking the Interpreter
    - Argument Passing
    - Interactive Mode
  - The Interpreter and Its Environment
- An Informal Introduction to Python
  - Using Python as a Calculator
    - Numbers
    - Strings
    - About Unicode
    - Lists
  - First Steps Towards Programming
- More Control Flow Tools
- Data Structures
- Modules
- Input and Output
  - Fancier Output Formatting
  - Reading and Writing Files
    - Methods of File Objects
    - The pickle Module
- Errors and Exceptions
- Classes
- Brief Tour of the Standard Library
- Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II
- What Now?
- Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
- Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
  - Representation Error

Using Python
- Command line and environment
  - Command line
  - Environment variables
- Using Python on Unix platforms
- Using Python on Windows
- Using Python on a Macintosh

The Python language reference
- Introduction
  - Alternate Implementations
  - Notation
- Lexical analysis
- Data model
- Execution model
  - Naming and binding
    - Interaction with dynamic features
  - Exceptions
- Expressions
- Simple statements
- Compound statements
- Top-level components

The Python Standard Library
- Introduction
- Built-in Functions
- Built-in Constants
- Built-in Objects
- Built-in Types
- Built-in Exceptions
- String Services
  - string — Common string operations
  - re — Regular expression operations
  - struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
    - Struct Objects
  - difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  - StringIO — Read and write strings as files
  - cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
  - textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  - codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  - unicodedata — Unicode Database
  - stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  - fpformat — Floating point conversions
- Data Types
  - datetime — Basic date and time types
  - calendar — General calendar-related functions
  - collections — High-performance container datatypes
  - heapq — Heap queue algorithm
    - Theory
  - bisect — Array bisection algorithm
    - Examples
  - array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  - sched — Event scheduler
    - Scheduler Objects
  - mutex — Mutual exclusion support
    - Mutex Objects
  - Queue — A synchronized queue class
    - Queue Objects
  - weakref — Weak references
    - Weak Reference Objects
    - Example
  - types — Names for built-in types
  - copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  - pprint — Data pretty printer
    - PrettyPrinter Objects
    - pprint Example
  - repr — Alternate repr() implementation
    - Repr Objects
    - Subclassing Repr Objects
- Numeric and Mathematical Modules
  - math — Mathematical functions
  - cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  - decimal — Decimal floating point arithmetic
  - random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  - itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  - functools — Higher order functions and operations on callable objects
    - partial Objects
  - operator — Standard operators as functions
    - Mapping Operators to Functions
- File and Directory Access
  - os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  - fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  - stat — Interpreting stat() results
  - statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
  - filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
    - The dircmp class
  - tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  - glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  - fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  - linecache — Random access to text lines
  - shutil — High-level file operations
    - Example
  - dircache — Cached directory listings
  - macpath — MacOS 9 path manipulation functions
- Data Persistence
  - pickle — Python object serialization
  - cPickle — A faster pickle
  - copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
  - shelve — Python object persistence
    - Restrictions
    - Example
  - marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  - anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
  - whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
  - dbm — Simple “database” interface
  - gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
  - dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
    - Database Objects
  - bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
    - Hash, BTree and Record Objects
  - dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
    - Dumbdbm Objects
  - sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- Data Compression and Archiving
  - zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  - gzip — Support for gzip files
  - bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
  - zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
  - tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- File Formats
  - csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
  - ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
  - robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  - netrc — netrc file processing
    - netrc Objects
  - xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- Cryptographic Services
  - hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  - hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
- Generic Operating System Services
  - os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  - time — Time access and conversions
  - optparse — More powerful command line option parser
  - getopt — Parser for command line options
  - logging — Logging facility for Python
  - getpass — Portable password input
  - curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  - curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses.
    - Functions
    - Panel Objects
  - platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data.
  - errno — Standard errno system symbols
  - ctypes — A foreign function library for Python.
    - ctypes tutorial
    - ctypes reference
- Optional Operating System Services
  - select — Waiting for I/O completion
    - Polling Objects
  - thread — Multiple threads of control
  - threading — Higher-level threading interface
  - dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
  - dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  - mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  - readline — GNU readline interface
    - Example
  - rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
    - Completer Objects
- Interprocess Communication and Networking
  - subprocess — Subprocess management
  - socket — Low-level networking interface
    - Socket Objects
    - Example
  - ssl — SSL wrapper for socket objects
  - signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
    - Example
  - asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
    - asyncore Example basic HTTP client
  - asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
    - asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
    - asynchat Example
- Internet Data Handling
  - email — An email and MIME handling package
    - email: Representing an email message
    - email: Parsing email messages
    - email: Generating MIME documents
    - email: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
    - email: Internationalized headers
    - email: Representing character sets
    - email: Encoders
    - email: Exception and Defect classes
    - email: Miscellaneous utilities
    - email: Iterators
    - email: Examples
  - mailcap — Mailcap file handling
  - mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  - mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
  - mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
    - Additional Methods of Message Objects
  - mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
    - MimeTypes Objects
  - multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
    - MultiFile Objects
    - MultiFile Example
  - rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
    - Message Objects
    - AddressList Objects
  - base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
  - binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
    - Notes
  - binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  - quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  - uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- Structured Markup Processing Tools
  - HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
    - Example HTML Parser Application
  - sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
  - htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
    - HTMLParser Objects
  - htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
  - xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
  - xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
  - xml.dom.minidom — Lightweight DOM implementation
  - xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
    - DOMEventStream Objects
  - xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
    - SAXException Objects
  - xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
  - xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  - xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
  - xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- Internet Protocols and Support
  - webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
    - Browser Controller Objects
  - cgi — Common Gateway Interface support.
  - cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  - wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  - urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
    - URLopener Objects
    - Examples
  - urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
  - httplib — HTTP protocol client
  - ftplib — FTP protocol client
    - FTP Objects
  - poplib — POP3 protocol client
    - POP3 Objects
    - POP3 Example
  - imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
    - IMAP4 Objects
    - IMAP4 Example
  - nntplib — NNTP protocol client
    - NNTP Objects
  - smtplib — SMTP protocol client
    - SMTP Objects
    - SMTP Example
  - smtpd — SMTP Server
  - telnetlib — Telnet client
    - Telnet Objects
    - Telnet Example
  - uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
    - Example
  - urlparse — Parse URLs into components
    - Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
  - SocketServer — A framework for network servers
  - BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
  - SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
  - CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
  - cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  - Cookie — HTTP state management
  - xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
  - SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
    - SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
      - SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
    - CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  - DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
    - DocXMLRPCServer Objects
    - DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- Multimedia Services
  - audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  - aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  - sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
    - AU_read Objects
    - AU_write Objects
  - wave — Read and write WAV files
    - Wave_read Objects
    - Wave_write Objects
  - chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  - colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  - imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  - sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  - ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
    - Audio Device Objects
    - Mixer Device Objects
- Internationalization
  - gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
  - locale — Internationalization services
- Program Frameworks
  - cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
    - Cmd Objects
  - shlex — Simple lexical analysis
    - shlex Objects
    - Parsing Rules
- Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
  - Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  - Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  - ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
  - turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
    - Turtle, Pen and RawPen Objects
  - Idle
  - Other Graphical User Interface Packages
- Development Tools
  - pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  - doctest — Test interactive Python examples
  - unittest — Unit testing framework
  - test — Regression tests package for Python
    - Writing Unit Tests for the test package
    - Running tests using test.regrtest
  - test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
- Debugging and Profiling
  - bdb — Debugger framework
  - The Python Profilers
  - timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
    - Command Line Interface
    - Examples
  - trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
    - Command Line Usage
    - Programming Interface
- Python Runtime Services
  - sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  - builtins — Built-in objects
  - __main__ — Top-level script environment
  - warnings — Warning control
  - contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts.
  - abc — Abstract Base Classes
  - atexit — Exit handlers
    - atexit Example
  - traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    - Traceback Examples
  - __future__ — Future statement definitions
  - gc — Garbage Collector interface
  - inspect — Inspect live objects
  - site — Site-specific configuration hook
  - user — User-specific configuration hook
  - fpectl — Floating point exception control
    - Example
    - Limitations and other considerations
- Custom Python Interpreters
  - code — Interpreter base classes
    - Interactive Interpreter Objects
    - Interactive Console Objects
  - codeop — Compile Python code
- Importing Modules
  - imp — Access the import internals
    - Examples
  - imputil — Import utilities
    - Examples
  - zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
    - zipimporter Objects
    - Examples
  - pkgutil — Package extension utility
  - modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  - runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- Python Language Services
  - parser — Access Python parse trees
  - Abstract Syntax Trees
    - Abstract Grammar
  - symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  - token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  - keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  - tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  - tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  - pyclbr — Python class browser support
    - Class Descriptor Objects
    - Function Descriptor Objects
  - py_compile — Compile Python source files
  - compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  - dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
    - Python Bytecode Instructions
  - pickletools — Tools for pickle developers.
  - distutils — Building and installing Python modules
- Miscellaneous Services
  - formatter — Generic output formatting
- MS Windows Specific Services
  - msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
  - msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  - _winreg – Windows registry access
    - Registry Handle Objects
  - winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix Specific Services
  - posix — The most common POSIX system calls
    - Large File Support
    - Module Contents
  - pwd — The password database
  - spwd — The shadow password database
  - grp — The group database
  - crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  - dl — Call C functions in shared objects
    - Dl Objects
  - termios — POSIX style tty control
    - Example
  - tty — Terminal control functions
  - pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  - fcntl — The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
  - pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
    - Template Objects
  - resource — Resource usage information
    - Resource Limits
    - Resource Usage
  - nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
  - syslog — Unix syslog library routines
  - commands — Utilities for running commands
- MacOS X specific services
  - ic — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
    - IC Objects
  - MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
  - macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
  - findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
  - EasyDialogs — Basic Macintosh dialogs
    - ProgressBar Objects
  - FrameWork — Interactive application framework
  - autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
  - MacOS Toolbox Modules
  - ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
- MacPython OSA Modules
  - gensuitemodule — Generate OSA stub packages
  - aetools — OSA client support
  - aepack — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
  - aetypes — AppleEvent objects
  - MiniAEFrame — Open Scripting Architecture server support
    - AEServer Objects
- Undocumented Modules

Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
- Extending Python with C or C++
- Defining New Types
  - The Basics
  - Type Methods
- Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
  - Distributing your extension modules
- Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
- Embedding Python in Another Application

Python/C API Reference Manual
- Introduction
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- Exception Handling
  - Standard Exceptions
- Utilities
- Abstract Objects Layer
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Memory Management
- Object Implementation Support

Distributing Python Modules
- An Introduction to Distutils
- Writing the Setup Script
- Writing the Setup Configuration File
- Creating a Source Distribution
  - Specifying the files to distribute
  - Manifest-related options
- Creating Built Distributions
- Registering with the Package Index
  - The .pypirc file
- Uploading Packages to the Package Index
- Examples
- Extending Distutils
  - Integrating new commands
  - Adding new distribution types
- Command Reference
  - Installing modules: the install command family
    - install_data
    - install_scripts
  - Creating a source distribution: the sdist command
- API Reference

Installing Python Modules

Documenting Python
- Introduction
- Style Guide
- reStructuredText Primer
- Additional Markup Constructs
- Differences to the LaTeX markup
- The Sphinx build system
  - The build configuration file

Python HOWTOs
- Python Advocacy HOWTO
- Curses Programming with Python
- Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
- Functional Programming HOWTO
- Regular Expression HOWTO
- Socket Programming HOWTO
- Unicode HOWTO
- HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2

Glossary

About these documents
- Contributors to the Python Documentation

Reporting Bugs in Python

Copyright

History and License

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